The notes below are intended to provide general guidance to the affect of high and low operating temperatures on the strength of metals.     They should only be used for initial appraisal of the suitability of metals for operating conditions away from ambient. For detailed assessment the material suppliers must be consulted.

Metals are generally specified for operating at or about the ambient /room temperature (about 20^o C). When a metal is used away from this temperature its properties are affected.  In general a metal becomes weaker and more ductile at elevated temperatures and becomes brittle at very low temperatures.     The metal standards often allow for this by specifying low temperature tests for metals to be used at lower temperatures.

Most ferrous metals have a maximum strength at approximately 200^oC. the strength of non-ferrous metals is generally at a maximum at room temperature.     The table below shows how the strength of some typical metals vary at elevated temperatures

The modulus of elasticity of metals decreases with increasing temperature above room temperature until it falls of rapidly and is zero at the melting point.

Table showing the strength of certain metals as a % of their strength at 20 ^oC as the operating temperature is increased.

The graph below shows the relationship between The ultimate and yield strengths of various l grades of carbon and alloy steel with the ratio of operating temperature to room temperature

All metals �creep� under stress at high temperature and in their manufactured form, components may deform.   In fact for high temperature applications creep is generally the important criteria in the selection of metals

Looking at the graph above the air cooled steel results in the finest grain structure and the best creep strength. The slow cooled steel had about 20% ferrite in the structure. The quenched steels results in course precipitates in the grain structure.

The effect of alloying on the long term creep resistance of steels is shown in the figure below.

At temperatures below -10^oC typical steels become more brittle and the toughness is affected.    Using selected grades of carbon steel it is possible to operate at temperatures down to -40^oC .    At these low temperatures it is necessary to conduct specific impact tests at low temperatures on the selected steel to confirm suitability.    Austentic stainless steels are generally suitable for applications down to, and below, -40^oC

Austenitic Stainless steel is particulary useful in cryogenic applications beacause of its high toughness and strength at very low temperatures 304 (X10CrNi18-8 ) stainless steel can be readily employed to handle liquid helium and liquid hydrogen (-268,9 and -252.7 ^oC respectively).    9% nickel alloy steels retain good notch ductility down to -196 ^oC and have been used for manufacture of vessels holding liquid oxygen and liquid methane(-182,9 and -161,5 ^oC respectively).

Aluminum alloys are used for structural parts for operation at temperatures as low as ( -270^oC ).     Below zero, most aluminum alloys show little change in properties, the yield and tensile strengths may increase, elongation may decrease slightly and impact strength remains approximately constant.     Consequently, aluminum is useful material for many low-temperature applications.

Copper and copper alloys are widely used for refrigeration components operating at temperatures down to -40^oC.

Notes to be added